Renewable Energy Futures
This page is the start of an information collection on scenarios, visions, and ways of thinking about renewable energy futures. Additional references and links to be added.
SELECTED REPORTS FROM 2007-2010
Energy Technology Perspectives 2010, International Energy Agency (Paris, 2010), 650 pp. An updated version of the widely-cited and comprehensive 2006 and 2008 editions (see below).
Energy [R]evolution: A Sustainable World Energy Outlook, Greenpeace International and European Renewable Energy Council (Amsterdam and Brussels, 2010). This is the latest edition of a series of [r]evolution reports by Greenpeace dating back to 2007. The current reports suggests that by 2050, renewable energy could supply 95% of global electricity. Individual regional and national reports and jobs reports are all available as well.
Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics until 2014, European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA) (Brussels, 2010). Shows the global solar PV market reaching 30 GW/year by 2014 under a policy-driven scenario (which is up from 7 GW added in 2009).
[Set for 2020] Photovoltaic Electricity: A Mainstream Power Source in Europe by 2020, European Photovoltaic Industry Association and A.T. Kearney (Brussels, 2009). This for-purchase report goes beyond scenarios to include interviews with industry experts. The report says a 12% market share for solar PV in Europe is acheievable by 2020. There is a free executive summary.
India Wind Energy Outlook 2009, Global Wind Energy Council, Indian Wind Turbine Manufacturers Association, and Wind Power Works (Brussels, 2009). Examines the potential for wind energy to 2030 and finds that wind power could supply up to 24% of India's electricity by that year.
Energy Technology Perspectives 2008, International Energy Agency (Paris, 2008), 643 pp. A detailed and wide-ranging set of global energy scenarios to 2050 covering all technologies. This report is the product of a huge undertaking and provides an authoritative reference. This is the second edition, following the first 2006 edition. Shows renewable electricity attaining a 46% share of global electricity production by 2050 under the "Blue Map" scenario.
Energy [R]evolution: A Sustainable Global Energy Outlook, Greenpeace International and European Renewable Energy Council (Amsterdam and Brussels, 2008), 211 pp. A major effort at global and regional scenarios for renewable energy and energy efficiency. Shows renewable electricity attaining a 77% of global electricity production by 2050.
Global Wind Energy Outlook 2008, Global Wind Energy Council (Brussels, 2008), 56 pp. "Advanced" scenario shows global wind power capacity increasing almost 10-fold by 2020, from 121 GW in 2008 to 1,080 GW in 2020. Shows 3,500 GW of global capacity by 2050, which implies 21-30% of global electricity production from wind power by 2050, depending on demand forecast.
Solar Generation IV: Solar electricity for over one billion people and two million jobs by 2020, Crispin Aubrey, ed. (Greenpeace International, 2007). Projects 180 GW of solar PV worldwide by 2030 (up from 16 GW in 2008), with almost 800 million people obtaining their household electricity from grid-tied solar PV.
COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW PAPER (2007) AND LITERATURE CITED
"Renewable energy futures: Targets, scenarios, and pathways," Eric Martinot, Carmen Dienst, Liu Weiliang, and Chai Qimin, Annual Review of Environment and Resources, vol. 32 (2007), pp. 205-239. (Link gives full web-based text and also free PDF download via "View/Print PDF" at upper right.) Reviews and synthesizes the results of published scenarios to 2030 and 2050 for the world, Europe, and selected countries. Focuses on the future shares of renewable energy (of primary energy, electricity, heating, or transport) shown in scenarios and poilcy targets. Provides a clear and detailed explaination of the two different (and equally valid) methodologies for measuring "share of primary energy from renewables" (the "IEA Method" and the "BP Method", also called the "substitution method"). Cites 143 references (which are listed and linked below). Copyright 2007 Annual Reviews. Note: article link provides complimentary one-time access for personal use. Any further/multiple distribution, publication, or commercial usage requires permission from the Annual Reviews Permissions Department (permissions@annualreviews.org).
Introduction
1. BP. 2005/2006. Statistical Review of World Energy. London
2. Int. Energy Agency. 2006. Renewables Information 2006. Paris
3. REN21 Global Policy Network. 2005. Renewables 2005 Global Status Report. Paris. [Annotation: A synthesis of the global market, investment, and policy situation with 320 references. Eric Martinot was lead author.]
4. REN21 Global Policy Network. 2006. Renewables Global Status Report 2006 Update. Paris
5. UN Dev. Programme, UN Dept. Econ. Soc. Aff., World Energy Counc. 2004. World Energy Assessment Overview: 2004 Update. New York
6. UN Dev. Programme, UN Dept. Econ. Soc. Aff., World Energy Counc. 2000. World Energy Assessment: Energy and the Challenge of Sustainability. New York. [Annotation: A comprehensive reference on global energy issues.]
7. Johansson TB, McCormick-Brennan K, Neij L, Turkenburg W. 2004. The potentials of renewable energy . Proc. Int. Conf. for Renew. Energies, Bonn, Germany Eurosolar: Bonn.
8. Beck F, Martinot E. 2004. Renewable energy policies and barriers. In Encycl. Energy. San Diego: Academic Press/Elsevier Sci.
9. Geller H. 2003. Energy Revolution: Policies for a Sustainable Future. Washington, DC: Island Press.
10. Aiken DW. 2003. Transitioning to a Renewable Energy Future (White Paper). Freiburg: Int. Solar Energy Soc.
11. Sawin JL. 2004. Mainstreaming Renewable Energy in the 21st Century. Worldwatch Paper 169. Washington, DC: Worldwatch
12. Int. Energy Agency. 2007. Global renewable energy policies and measures database.
13. Int. Energy Agency. 2004. Renewable Energy: Market and Policy Trends in IEA Countries. Paris
14. Int. Energy Agency. 2004. Biofuels for Transport: An International Perspective. Paris
15. Int. Energy Agency. 2003. Renewables for Power Generation: Status and Prospects. Paris
16. European Renew. Energy Counc. 2004. Renewable Energy in Europe: Building Markets and Capacity. London: James and James
17. EUREC Agency. 2002. The Future for Renewable Energy: Prospects and Directions. London: James and James
18. Johansson T, Turkenburg W. 2004. Policies for renewable energy in the European Union and its member states: an overview. Energy Sustain. Dev. 8(1):5-24
Global Scenarios
19. Greenpeace and European Renew. Energy Counc. 2007. Energy Revolution: a Sustainable World Energy Outlook ¨C Global Report. [Annotation: A major global scenario effort integrating regional scenarios from around the world, with separate studies for U.S. and Europe available (see Refs. 45, 50).]
20. EC. 2006. World Energy Technology Outlook ¨C 2050. WETO ¨C H2. Brussels.
21. Int. Energy Agency. 2006. World Energy Outlook 2006. Paris [Annotation: Widely-cited global energy scenarios, with general treatments and thematic ¡°insights¡± alternating every other year.]
22. Int. Energy Agency. 2006. Energy Technology Perspectives: Scenarios and Strategies to 2050. Paris. [Annotation: A comprehensive description and analysis of energy technologies and a much greater range of scenarios than found in Ref. 22.]
23. Global Wind Energy Counc. and Greenpeace. 2006. Global Wind Energy Outlook 2006. Brussels
24. Hawksworth J. 2006. The World in 2050 ¨C Implications of Global Growth for Carbon Emissions and Climate Change Policy . London: Price Waterhouse Coopers
25. World Business Counc. for Sustain. Dev. 2005. Pathways to 2050 Energy and Climate Change. Geneva.
26. Int. Energy Agency. 2005. World Energy Outlook 2005. Paris
27. Royal Dutch/Shell. 2005. The Shell Global Scenarios to 2025. Washington, DC: Inst. for Int. Econ.
28. German Advis. Counc. on Global Change. 2004. World in Transition: Towards Sustainable Energy Systems. London: Earthscan
29. European Renew. Energy Counc. 2004. Renewable Energy Scenario to 2040. Brussels
30. Aitken DW, Billman LL, Bull SR. 2004. The climate stabilization challenge: can renewable energy sources meet the target?. Renew. Energy World 7(6):56-69
31. Raskin P, Banuri T, Gallopin G, Gutman P, Hammond A, et al. 2002. Great Transition: The Promise and Lure of the Times Ahead. Report of the Global Scenario Group. Boston: Stockholm Environ. Inst.
32. Royal Dutch/Shell. 2001. Energy Needs, Choices and Possibilities: Scenarios to 2050. London
33. Nakicenovic N, ed. 2000. Energy scenarios. See Ref. 6, pp. 333-66
34. Nakicenovic N, Gr¨¹bler A, McDonald A, eds. 1998. Global Energy Perspectives. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
35. Royal Dutch/Shell. 1996. The Evolution of the World¡¯s Energy Systems. London
36. Johansson TB, Kelly H, Reddy AKN, Williams RH, eds. 1993. Renewable Energy: Sources of Fuels and Electricity. Washington, DC: Island Press
Europe Scenarios
37. EC Directorate-General for Environ. (DG Env). 2006. Economic Analysis of Reaching a 20% Share of Renewable Energy Sources in 2020. Brussels
38. EC Directorate-General for Energy and Transport (DG Tren). 2006. Trends to 2030 ¨C Update 2005. European Energy and Transport Scenarios on Key Drivers. Brussels
39. EC Directorate-General for Energy and Transport (DG Tren). 2006. European Energy and Transport. Scenarios on energy efficiency and renewables. Brussels
40. European Parliament ITRE. 2006. Security of Energy Supply - the Potentials and Reserves of Various Energy Source, Technologies Furthering Self-Reliance and the Impact of Policy Decisions. IP/A/ITRE/ST/2005-70. DG Internal Policies of the Union. Policy Department Econ. and Scientific Policy. Brussels
41. European Solar Thermal Technology Platform. 2006. Solar Thermal Vision 2030. Brussels: ESTTP
42. EurEnDel. 2004. Technology and Social Visions for Europe¡¯s Energy Future: a Europe-wide Delphi Study. Final report of EurEnDel project. Berlin: Inst. for Future Studies and Technology Assessment (IZT)
43. Oeko-Institut. 2006. The Vision Scenario for the European Union. Project sponsored by Greens/EFA Group in the European Parliament. Freiburg, Ger. [Annotation: Advanced scenario for the EU with highest renewables share by 2030.]
44. European Environ. Agency. 2005. Climate Change and a European Low- carbon Energy System. EEA Report No 1/2005. Copenhagen.
45. Greenpeace Int. 2005. Energy Revolution ¨C A Sustainable Pathway to a Clean Energy Future for Europe. A European Energy Scenario for EU-25. Brussels
46. Ragwitz M, Schleich J, Huber C, Resch G, Faber T, et al. 2005. Analyses of the EU Renewable Energy Sources' Evolution up to 2020 (FORRES 2020). Karlsruhe, Ger.: Fraunhofer Inst.
47. Wuppertal Inst. 2005. Target 2020 - Policies and Measures to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the EU. Report on behalf of WWF Europe. Wuppertal, Germany
48. European Renew. Energy Counc. 2004. Renewable Energy Target for Europe ¨C 20% by 2020. Brussels
United States Scenarios
49. Kutscher CF, ed. 2007. Tackling Climate Change in the U.S.: Potential Carbon Emissions Reductions from Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy by 2030. Boulder, CO: American Solar Energy Soc.
50. Greenpeace Int. and European Renew. Energy Counc. (EREC). 2007. Energy Revolution ¨C A Blueprint for Solving Global Warming -- United States Report. Amsterdam
51. US Energy Information Administration. 2006. Annual Energy Outlook with Projections to 2030. DOE/EIA-0383(2006). Washington, DC
52. Bailie A, Bernow S, Castelli B, O'Connor P, Romm J. 2003. The Path to Carbon-Dioxide-Free Power: Switching to Clean Energy in the Utility Sector. Washington, DC: The Center for Energy and Climate Solutions; Boston: Tellus Inst.
53. Clemmer S, Donovan D, Nogee A, Deyette J. 2001. Clean Energy Blueprint: A Smarter National Energy Policy for Today and the Future. Boston: Union of Concerned Scientists
54. Brown MA, Levine MD, Short W, Koomey JG. 2001. Scenarios for a clean energy future. Energy Policy 29(14):1179¨C96
55. Interlaboratory Working Group. 2000. Scenarios for a Clean Energy Future. NREL-TP-620-29379. Oak Ridge, Tenn.: Oak Ridge Natl. Lab.; Berkeley, Calif.: Lawrence Berkeley Natl. Lab.; Golden, Colo.: Natl. Renew. Energy Lab.
Japan Scenarios
56. Citizens¡¯ Open Model Projects for Alternative and Sustainable Scenarios (COMPASS). 2004. Towards a Sustainable Energy Society£ºAlternative Scenarios for the Future of Our Energy, Environment, and Economy. Tokyo: Inst. for Sustain. Energy Policies
57. Fujino J. 2004. Japan low carbon society modeling study: Results of first Japan-UK 2050 LCS workshop and further. Presentation at Quantifying Energy Scenarios of a Low Carbon Society--the Annual Energy Modeling Conf. of the UK Energy Res. Centre. December 5, Oxford, UK. Ibaraki, Japan: Natl. Inst. for Environ. Studies
China Scenarios
58. Zhang X, He J. 2005. Strategies and policies on promoting massive renewable energy development. Proc. China Renew. Energy Dev. Strategy Workshop, Tsinghua University, Beijing. Beijing: Tsinghua Univ., Inst. for Nuclear and New Energy Technologies (INET) and Tsinghua-BP Clean Energy Center
59. Ni W, Johansson T. 2004. Energy for sustainable development in China. Energy Policy 32(10):1225-29
60. Kroeze C, Vlasblom J, Gupta J, Boudri C, Blok K. 2004. The power sector in China and India: greenhouse gas emissions reduction potential and scenarios for 1990¨C2020. Energy Policy 32(1):55-76
61. China Task Force on Energy Strategies and Technologies. 2003. Transforming coal for sustainability: a strategy for China. Report to the China Counc. for Int. Cooperation on Environ. and Dev. Energy Sustain. Dev. 7(4):5-14
62. China Energy Res. Inst. and Lawrence Berkeley Lab. 2003. China¡¯s Sustainable Energy Future: Scenarios of Energy and Carbon Emissions. Berkeley, CA: LBL and Beijing: ERI
Other Developing Countries Scenarios
63. RECIPES. 2007. Project Summary: Renewable Energy Market Potential in Emerging and Developing Countries. Final report of RECIPES project. Also 114 country data reports and 15 in-depth country reports. Brussels: EC DG-Res.
64. Manzini F, Mart¨ªnez M. 1999. Choosing an energy future: the environmental impact of end-use technologies. Energy Policy 27(7):401-14
65. Van Buskirk R. 2006. Analysis of long-range clean energy investment scenarios for Eritrea, East Africa. Energy Policy 34(14):1807¨C17
66. Ghosh D, Shukla PR, Garg A, Ramana PV. 2002. Renewable energy technologies for the Indian power sector: mitigation potential and operational strategies . Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 6(6):481¨C512
67. Grover RB, Chandra S. 2007. Scenario for growth of electricity in India. Energy Policy. In press
68. The Energy and Res. Inst. (TERI). 2006. National Energy Map for India: Technology Vision 2030. New Delhi: TERI Press
69. Asia-Pacific Energy Res. Center (APERC). 2004. New and Renewable Energy in the APEC Region: Prospects for Electricity Generation. Tokyo
Other Visions/Perspectives
70. Smil V. 2003. Energy at the Crossroads: Global Perspectives and Uncertainties. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press
71. Scheer H. 2002. The Solar Economy: Renewable Energy for a Sustainable Global Future. London: Earthscan
72. Patterson W. 1999. Transforming Electricity: The Coming Generation of Change. London: Earthscan
Emissions Scenarios
73. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2000. Special Report on Emissions Scenarios. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
74. Natl. Inst. for Environ. Studies, Center for Global Environ. Res. 2007. Greenhouse gas emissions scenarios database. Ibaraki, Japan
Scenarios and Modeling
75. McDowall W, Eames M. 2006. Forecasts, scenarios, visions, backcasts and roadmaps to the hydrogen economy: A review of the hydrogen futures literature. Energy Policy 34(11):1236¨C1250 [Annotation: An excellent review of 40 studies with useful analytical frameworks for energy futures.]
76. Craig PP, Gadgil A, Koomey JG. 2002. What can history teach us? A retrospective examination of long-term energy forecasts for the United States. Annu. Rev. Energy Environ. 27:83-118
77. EC Directorate-General for Res. 2006. Energy Futures: The Role of Research and Technological Development. Brussels
78. Nakata T. 2004. Energy-economic models and the environment. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 30(4):417¨C75
79. Huntington HG, Weyant JP. 2002. Modeling energy markets and climate change policy . In Encyclopedia of Energy. San Diego: Academic Press/Elsevier Sci.
80. Ghanadan R, Koomey JG. 2005. Using energy scenarios to explore alternative energy pathways in California . Energy Policy 33(9):1117¨C1142 [Annotation: Illustrative example of defining, describing, and analyzing scenarios.]
81. Schwartz P. 1991. The Art of the Long View. New York: Doubleday.
82. IEA. 2000. Experience Curves for Energy Technology Policy. Paris
EU Countries Scenarios
83. Fischedick M, Nitsch J. 2002. Long-term scenarios for a sustainable energy future in Germany. Study conducted for the German Environ. Fac. (English version). Stuttgart: Wuppertal Inst.
84. Treffers DJ, Faaij APC, Spakman J, Seebregts A. 2005. Exploring the possibilities for setting up sustainable energy systems for the long term: two visions for the Dutch energy system in 2050. Energy Policy 33(13):1723-1743 [Annotation: Revealing and comprehensive carbon-constrained country-level scenarios.]
Share of Primary Energy
85. Lenssen N, Flavin C. 1996. Sustainable energy for tomorrow's world: the case for an optimistic view of the future. Energy Policy 24(9):769-781
86. Int. Energy Agency. 2006. Key World Energy Statistics. Paris
87. Goldemberg J. 2006. The promise of clean energy. Energy Policy 34(15):2185¨C90
88. Int. Energy Agency. 2007. Renewables in Global Energy Supply: An IEA Fact Sheet. Paris
89. Goldemberg J, Coelho ST. 2004. Renewable energy¡ªtraditional biomass vs. modern biomass . Energy Policy 32(6):711¨C14
EU Targets
90. EC. 2007. EU-Energy Policy Data SEC(2007) 12. Brussels
91. EC. 2007. Renewable energy road map: renewable energies in the 21st century: building a more sustainable future . COM(2006) 848. Brussels
92. EC. 2007. Renewable energy road map: renewable energies in the 21st century: building a more sustainable future. Impact assessment. SEC(2006) 1719. Brussels
93. EC. 2007. Green Paper follow-up action: report on progress in renewable electricity. COM(2006) 849. Brussels
94. EC. 2006. A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy (¡°Green Paper¡±). COM(2006) 105 final. Brussels
95. EC. 2005. Biomass action plan. COM(2005) 628 final. Brussels
EU Countries Scenarios
96. Greenpeace Int. and European Renew. Energy Counc. (EREC). 2006. Energy Revolution ¨C A Sustainable Pathway to a Clean Energy Future ¨C Netherlands Report. Amsterdam
97. Hennicke P. 2004. Scenarios for a robust policy mix: the final report of the German study commission on sustainable energy supply. Energy Policy 32(15):1673-78
98. Nitsch J, ed. 2004. Ecologically Optimized Extension of Renewable Energy Utilization in Germany. Summary Report in English. Berlin: German Federal Ministry for Environ., Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety
99. Oniszk-Pop?awska A, Rogulska M, Wi?niewski G. 2003. Renewable-energy developments in Poland to 2020. 2003. Applied Energy 76(1-3):101-10
100. European Environ. Agency. 2000. Cloudy crystal balls. An assessment of recent European and global scenario studies and models . Environmental issues series No 17. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities
Country Targets (Other)
101. New Zealand Ministry Econ. Dev. 2006. Powering our Future: New Zealand Energy Strategy to 2050. Wellington
102. South Africa Department of Minerals and Energy. 2003. White Paper on Renewable Energy. Pretoria/Tshwane
100% Scenarios
103. Kendall HW, Nadis SJ. 1980. Energy Strategies: Toward a Solar Future. Report of the Union of Concerned Scientists. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger
104. Le Groupe de Bellevue, ALTER. 1978. A study of a long-term energy future for France based on 100% renewable energies . Reprinted in The Yearbook of Renewable Energies 1995 (1995). London: James and James
105. Johansson TB, Steen P. 1979. Solar Sweden: an outline to a renewable energy system . Stockholm: Secretariat for Future Studies
106. H?fele W, Anderer J, McDonald A, Nakice¨¾ovi? N. 1981. Energy in a Finite World. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger
107. German Bundestag. 2002. Nachhaltige Energieversorgung unter den Bedingungen der Globalisierung und Liberalisierung . Report of the Enquette Commission. Berlin
108. Lehmann H. 2003. Energy Rich Japan . Aachen: Inst. for Sustain. Solutions and Innovations (ISUSI)
109. Int. Network for Sustain. Energy (INFORSE). 2006. Global Vision 2050 ¨C 100% Renewables . Hjortshoj, Denmark
110. Sorensen B. 1999. Low energy consumption scenarios. Presented at IPCC Expert Meeting on Mitigation and Stabilization Scenarios, Copenhagen, 2-4 June. Roskilde, Denmark: Roskilde Univ.
Long-term Potential and Growth Rates
111. Int. Energy Agency. 2005. Variability of Wind Power and Other Renewables: Management Options and Strategies. Paris
112. Berndes G, Hoogwijk M, van den Broek R. 2003. The contribution of biomass in the future global energy supply: a review of 17 studies. Biomass and Bioenergy 25(1):1-28
113. Fischer G, Schrattenholzer L. 2001. Global bioenergy potentials through 2050. Biomass and Bioenergy 20(3):151-159
114. EC Directorate-General for Res. 2006. Biofuels in the European Union: A Vision for 2030 and Beyond. Final report of the Biofuels Res. Advis. Counc. Brussels
Distributed Power Generation
115. Bradford T. 2006. Solar Revolution. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press
116. EC Directorate-General for Res. 2006. A Vision for Photovoltaic Technology. Report by the PV Technology Res. Advis. Counc. Brussels
117. Dunn S. 2000. Micropower: The Next Electrical Era. Worldwatch Paper 151. Washington, DC: Worldwatch
118. Borbely A-M, Kreider JF. 2001. Distributed Generation: The Power Paradigm for the New Millennium. New York: CRC
119. Lovins AB. 2002. Small is Profitable. Snowmass, CO: Rocky Mountain Inst.
120. Patterson W. 2003/2004. Keeping the lights on. Working papers 1-3. London: Chatham House
121. Brown LR. 2006. Plan B 2.0: Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble. New York: W.W. Norton
122. EC Directorate-General for Res. 2006. Smart Grids: Vision and Strategy for Europe¡¯s Electricity Networks of the Future. European Technology Platform. Brussels
123. EC Directorate-General for Res. 2006. Towards Smart Power Networks: Lessons learned from European research FP5 projects. Brussels
124. Eiffert P, Kiss GJ. 2000. Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Designs for Commercial and Institutional Structures: a Sourcebook for Architects. NREL/BK-520-25272. Golden, Colo.: Natl. Renew. Energy Lab.
125. Eiffert P. 2003. Guidelines for the Economic Evaluation of Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Power Systems. NREL/TP-550-31977. Golden, Colo.: Natl. Renew. Energy Lab.
126. Int. Energy Agency. 2002. Potential for Building Integrated Photovoltaics. PV Power Systems Prog. Report PVPS T7-4. Paris
127. Int. Energy Agency. 2002. Distributed Generation in Liberalized Electricity Markets. Paris
128. See Ref. 75, p.1245
Hydrogen Combined with Renewables
129. Ramesohl S, Merten F. 2006. Energy system aspects of hydrogen as an alternative fuel in transport . Energy Policy 34(11):1251¨C59
130. Dunn S. 2001. Hydrogen Futures: Toward a Sustainable Energy System. Worldwatch Paper 157. Washington, DC: Worldwatch
131. Hoffman P. 2001. Tomorrow's Energy: Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospects for a Cleaner Planet. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press
132. Rifkin J. 2002. The Hydrogen Economy. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam
133. Romm, JJ. 2004. Hype About Hydrogen: Fact and Fiction and the Race to Save the Climate. Washington, DC: Island Press
134. Heinberg R. 2004. Power Down: Options and Actions for a Post-Carbon World. Gabriola Island, BC, Canada: New Soc. Publishers
135. Scheer H. 2007. Energy Autonomy: The Economic, Social, and Technological Case for Renewable Energy. London: Earthscan [Annotation: Politically-oriented treatment of imperatives, barriers, and possibilities, with strong critique of status-quo.]
Advanced Storage Technologies
136. EC Directorate-General for Res. and Directorate-General for Transport and Energy. 2003. Clean, Safe and Efficient Energy for Europe: Impact assessment of non-nuclear energy projects implemented under the Fourth Framework Programme. Synthesis Report. Brussels
137. Eurosolar. 2006. Proc. First Int. Renew. Energy Storage Conf.: Towards Energy Autonomy with the Storage of Renew. Energies. Science Park Gelsenkirchen, Ger. Bonn: World Counc. for Renew. Energy and Eurosolar
138. Rechsteiner R. 2006. Management of renewable energies and storage systems¨Cthe Swiss case. See Ref. 137
139. Lund PD, Paatero JV. 2006. Energy storage options for improving wind power quality. Presented at Nordic Wind Power Conf., 22-23 May, Espoo, Finland
140. Gonzalez A, ¨® Gallach¨®ir B, McKeogh E, Lynch K. 2004. Study of Electricity Storage Technologies and Their Potential to Address Wind Energy Intermittency in Ireland. Cork: Natl. Univ. Ireland, Depart.Civil Environ. Engineering
141. Greennet. 2003. Cost and Technical Opportunities for Electricity Storage Technologies. Report for the European Commission Directorate-General of Energy and Transport. Chineham, UK: IT Power
Nuclear Power and Carbon Capture and Storage
142. Turton H, Barreto L. 2006. Long-term security of energy supply and climate change. Energy Policy 34(15):2232¨C50
143. Saddler H, Diesendorf M, Denniss R. 2007. Clean energy scenarios for Australia. Energy Policy. In press